THE SKY IS GRAY Essay -- essays research papers

Groundbreaking Journeys: â€Å"The Sky is Gray†, â€Å"Blue Winds Dancing† and â€Å"The Hammon and the Beans† In the three short stories that we have perused, the principle characters take groundbreaking excursions. As we proceed to find out about these accounts we discover James in The Sky is Dim, the Native American from Blue Winds Dancing and Chonita in the Hammon and the Beans have voyage three separate streets, permitting us to see their excursions in three distinct ways. James in â€Å"The Sky is Gray† shows a dark male experiencing childhood in a home without a dad figure present learns the existence exercise of destitution yet glad. The Local American in â€Å"Blue Winds Dancing† manages having a place with the Native American world and the â€Å"white man’s world† while genuinely distinguishing himself. Chonita in the â€Å"Hammon and the Beans† manages pov...

Luis Barragan free essay sample

Life, vocation, improvement, significant works sway on design of Mexican pioneer of Critical Regionalism development of twentieth Cent. Over the span of the twentieth century engineering, as most parts of culture, has been set apart by expanding homogeneity across national lines. As Ricoeur brings up, the universalizing of culture is somehow or another a development for humankind however it likewise establishes a kind of unpretentious decimation where neighborhood wellsprings of elaborate advancement are step by step subdued as general styles of engineering, workmanship, food and pretty much every part of culture dominate. There is a strain between nearby culture and this universalizing pattern that can't be settled for one side or the other. The inclination of styles and structures to spread rapidly starting with one zone then onto the next will just increment and local culture has become something which [must] act naturally deliberately developed. Provincial draftsmen must, along these lines, endeavor to consolidate the osmosis of global styles with

Case Study: Creedence Clearwater Revival

Contextual investigation: Creedence Clearwater Revival Introduction Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR) was an American musical crew that picked up fame in the late 1960s and mid 1970s (Lyrics Freak, 2010). â€Å"The bunch comprised of lead vocalist, lead guitarist, and essential lyricist John Fogerty, his sibling and musicality guitarist Tom Fogerty, bassist Stu Cook, and drummer Doug Clifford† (Lyrics crack, 2010). The foursome started at an opportune time as youthful youngsters and became together. All through their time together there were numerous issues that emerged that at long last drove the gathering to disband. Reason for Demise CCR started their descending winding that finished in disbanding in 1970; by 1972 the gathering had reached a conclusion (Lyrics Freak, 2010). The reason for death for the gathering involved many components. John Fogerty had assumed business responsibility for the gathering by 1971 and felt that a majority rule vote would just motivation issues, anyway the other musicians felt they ought to have a state in things (Lyrics Freak, 2010). Cook and Clifford were not excited with the choices that Fogerty was making, yet wound up tolerating what Fogerty offered (Lyrics Freak, 2010). In spite of the distinctions that the individuals had with how things were going they proceeded on recording and visiting. â€Å"Finally, on October 16, 1972 †under a half year later †Fantasy Records and the band authoritatively declared the disbanding of Creedence Clearwater Revival† (Lyrics Freak, 2010). Legitimate Issues Each headed out in their own direction. John started a performance profession as an exclusive band, yet at the same time was under agreement with Fantasy to complete eight additional records (Lyrics Freak, 2010). John was not excited with the manner in which Fantasy was taking care of the agreements and was vexed that they had the copyright to his work. With the goal for him to break the agreement and be free John gave up his privileges to Creedence’s melodies to Zaentz, the proprietor of Fantasy (Lyrics Freak, 2010). John battled with Zaentz over this and numerous different issues. One lawful issue a lot of that influenced the entire gathering was that a great part of the cash earned by Fogerty and Creedence was â€Å"lost in a seaward expense cover bargain masterminded by Fantasy† (DeCurtis, 2005). The gathering prosecuted Fantasy and after much preliminary and tribulations CCR won an extensive judgment (DeCurtis, 2005). After John Fogerty left CCR and Fantasy he made a collection in 1985 â€Å"Centerfield,† which had the tune â€Å"The Old Man Down the Road† on it (DeCurtis, 2005). Zaentz, from Fantasy, felt that he claimed the copyright to that tune since he felt it â€Å"was an unlawful redo of Creedence's ‘Run Through the Jungle’† (DeCurtis, 2005). Zaentz sued Fogerty for $140 million â€Å"for appropriating himself† (DeCurtis, 2005). The fight among Fogerty and Zaentz got silly with lashes to and fro. Fogerty started to make tunes about Zaentz that were insolent and inconsiderate. After numerous contentions and fights in court Fogerty won. Cook and Clifford framed Creedence Clearwater Revisited and chose to sing a portion of the old tunes. They had requested John Fogerty to go along with them, yet he cannot (Lyrics Freak, 2010). Claims between the musicians started to follow in light of the fact that John felt the others reserved no privilege to utilize the names of the band and tunes (Lyrics Freak, 2010). Monetary Issues Financial Issues were consistently an issue for the gathering since the start. In spite of the fact that there were a couple of years where they had monetary benefit generally speaking the gathering battled. When CCR disbanded Cook said something to the press saying, â€Å"Over the years John Fogerty has done all that he could to depreciate Creedence Clearwater Revival†¦He owes all of us a trustee obligation to ensure, upgrade and help [the band] develop on a business level. What's more, we accept that he has damaged that† (Rolling Stone, 1997). Dream had made an arrangement with a seaward expense asylum, and as indicated by Lyrics Freak (2010) different individuals didn't know that John had approved this. This arrangement prompted a ruin of funds for the entirety of the individuals. The antagonism that happened between all gatherings prompted doubt and the powerlessness to cooperate. This antagonism influenced their work and before they disbanded the collections put out was not gotten well by people in general, which acquired less income at that point wanted (Lyrics Freak, 2010). The executives Issues In 1964 CCR, some time ago known as The Blue Velvets, marked with Fantasy Records (Lyrics Freak, 2010). From 1964 to 1970 the band had a decent run of accomplishment under Fantasy, anyway discord started to settle in the band and Fogerty accepting the rules as business pioneer for the gathering (Creedence Online, 2009). Dream was the group’s the executives, yet Fogerty started settling on the principle choices for the gathering. In the end the gathering chose to run as a majority rules system, which transformed into tumult since everybody had their own thoughts on the most proficient method to deal with the band (Creedence Online, 2009). Band Interpersonal Issues Dissension emerged among the musicians. Achievement was something they all looked for after, yet couldn't deal with. Each had their own thoughts on what ought to be done, however it was uncommon that all were in understanding in how things should play out. Tom Fogerty got resentful about how the band was responding to circumstances and in 1971 remaining the band for good (Creedence Online, 2009). This left John Fogerty, Stu Cook and Doug Clifford, the trio forged ahead yet couldn't get along enough to prop the band up. They attempted by assembling the collection Mardi Gras and had likewise chosen to endeavor a U. S. visit (Lyrics Freak, 2010). â€Å"Hecklers supposedly pelted the band with coins at the last stop of the visit on May 22 in Denver. At last, on October 16, 1972 †under a half year later †Fantasy Records and the band authoritatively declared the disbanding of Creedence Clearwater Revival. † (Lyrics Freak, 2010). End The numerous issues of the death of CCR ought to learn focuses for different groups and directors. In the event that I were the person who had found CCR and turned into their administrator things would have been unique. It is critical to see how each musician responds to circumstances and as the chief to ensure everybody is in the same spot. It appears that Fantasy didn't do one or the other John Fogerty had his own plan too. Albeit a vote based system is required and acceptable once in a while, a barely recognizable difference must be attracted request to viably deal with a band. Leading I would have made it exceptionally evident that as the chief I am working for CCR and that everybody gets an equivalent state, anyway what is best for the band ought to consistently be mulled over above what every individual wants for themselves. Also meetings would have been held to guarantee that everybody is in the same spot. This is critical during extended periods of time of recording and visiting. Individuals will in general get worn out and don't generally think obviously during distressing occasions, so a re-hashing of the objectives the band has is critical to keep harmony. Thirdly with regards to the groups cash all ought to have an away from of how the accounts are designated. Each part ought to reserve the option to review explanations. So choices like the seaward record would not happen. Agreements to ensure the individuals would have this expressed in them to offer reasonableness to each gathering. By being straightforward, open and hosting legitimate insurance for all gatherings I feel that CCR might not have disbanded in such a horrible way. It is disgraceful that the gathering couldn't stay cooperating after the split. Anyway in 1980 the four played together for Tom’s wedding claims by and by made a finish of connections among the gathering (Lyrics Freak, 2010). Much after the demise of Tom John couldn't forget about the past and still would not play with previous individuals Cook and Clifford (Lyrics Freak, 2010), References Lyrics Freak. (2010). Creedence Clearwater Revival: Biography. Recovered March 4, 2010, from http://www. lyricsfreak. com/c/creedence+clearwater+revival/life story. html Creedence Online. (2009). Creedence Clearwater Revival History. Recovered March 4, 2010, from http://www. creedence-on the web. net/history/DeCurtis, A. (2005). John Fogerty Is Closer to Peace With a Label. The New York Times. Distributed: November 1, 2005. Recovered March 4, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2005/11/01/expressions/music/01foge. html? ei=5088=a96cbcb6483ce99c=1288501200=1=rssnyt=rss=1182985952-kKlgvwEFB+csZpVxoY0czw

Is It Possible to Prove the Existance of God Essay Example for Free

Is It Possible to Prove the Existance of God Essay Is it conceivable to demonstrate the presence of God? All through time numerous thinkers have been scanning for a response to creation and whether it is really conceivable to demonstrate (or not demonstrate) if God exists. A portion of the scholars incorporate Thomas Aquinas, William Paley and Blaise Pascal they thought of different various hypotheses and contentions to demonstrate the presence of God and why they accepted he existed. Another thinker Karl Marx felt that his hypothesis could persuade individuals not to have confidence in God. One thinker, Thomas Aquinas accepted that God did exist and that he could demonstrate this essentially by contending that the Universe couldn't have been made by nothing by any means, saying that it was unthinkable for something to originate from nothing. He accepted that the universe was caused to exist by something which itself is uncaused, or probably there would be a limitless relapse. He imagined that the best way to clarify the beginning of the universe in a judicious manner was to state that it was made by God. I believe that Aquinas might be correct, yet I question that he is directly as he is stating that God was made by only I feel that something more likely than not made God and consequently there more likely than not been an endless relapse. There is additionally no strong proof or verification that God does exist and since there isn’t I imagine that not even Aquinas is 100% certain that God exists. Additionally, Aquinas’ hypothesis appears to be fairly opposing as he says that the Universe must be brought about by something and can't just be made by only that God is an uncaused causer. Another Philosopher, William Paley, similar to Aquinas was persuaded that God does exist and that he could demonstrate it. Paley ‘invented’ the psychological test to urge individuals to concur with him that God exists. He considered his contention that Teleological contention (originating from the Greek word ‘telas’ significance reason). Story Imagine you are strolling across open field with certain companions. At that point you unexpectedly go over something lying on the grass. You are so dazzled with the workmanship that you are your companion. Who do you think made this watch? † The companion says†Nobody made this watch it was consistently there† Paley said that the universe, similar to a watch is excessively entangled and brilliantly intended to have no maker. Paley utilized the Analogy of the watch to contend the presence of God. Paley contends that on the off chance that a basic watch has a maker, at that point the universe, which is a great deal more confounded and somehow or another more wonderful than a watch must have a maker and that maker must be God. I imagine that Paley’s hypothesis seems sensible yet I don't completely concur with it totally. I feel that the world must have a maker yet not really God anything could have been the maker and that the maker probably won't be Omnipotent, Omnibonevelant and Omniscient the maker could have basically quite recently made the universe and afterward simply left it or done nothing else to it. Another logician who additionally enjoys Aquinas and Paley ‘believed’ in God and imagined that he could utilize his hypothesis to urge others to do so was Blaise Pascal. Nonetheless, Pascal’s hypothesis was altogether different to Aquinas and Paley’s. Pascal accepted that God’s presence can nor be affirmed nor objected and whatever you choose about this difficult will be unsure and that your answer can be just a bet. Pascal said that you can't abstain from taking a risk on God’s presence and you need to put down your wager in any case. Pascal before long arrived at the resolution that it is smarter to accept that God existed than not to as you won't lose anything thusly. He imagined that on the off chance that you accepted that God existed and, at that point after your passing he really did you would have a major increase by going to paradise. In the event that, anyway God didn’t exist and you accepted that you did you would not lose anything separated from a portion of your time supplicating and going to strict spots and so forth. Pascal likewise imagined that on the off chance that you didn't have faith in God and came to know after your passing that he did you would be well on the way to take a hike accordingly have a major misfortune. He called his hypothesis Pascal’s bet. I firmly can't help contradicting Pascal’s hypothesis predominantly on the grounds that he just put stock in God for egotistical reasons and needed individuals to have confidence in God simply because of the satisfaction they would get in paradise which isn't the genuine thought. Additionally I feel that God doesn't choose to place individuals in paradise and damnation dependent on whether they accept or not yet by the great deeds they have done in their life, so individuals who have faith in God only for reasons like Pascal’s presumably would not go to paradise in any case. I feel that Pascal appears to be fairly covetous to put stock in God just to go to paradise after his demise. The last scholar I’m going to discuss is Karl Marx. Marx imagined that that â€Å"Religion is an apparatus of oppression† implying that Religion is something that you don't really require yet use to divert yourself from different things and something that somebody just gets delight and joy from. So he imagined that everybody should simply dismiss religion and this would make individuals mindful of their own actual circumstance and this may allow them to improve the conditions in which they live. Marx utilized statements from the book of scriptures to back up cites from the good book to back up his hypothesis. â€Å"Blessed are the poor in soul acquire the earth† Marx would contend that this statement is attempting to state that it isn't the rich and incredible who are generally blessed yet really poor people, as they will go to paradise as a result of all the enduring they have persevered. He would state that the poor are frequently given statements like this to make them content with their own hopeless lives and that religion causes an uprightness of destitution and docility and unsatisfactory lives to have been glamorized. Thusly I don't concur with Marx contention for the most part since his hypothesis may have been appropriate around then yet it isn't currently, as individuals don't utilize religion just to have an interruption or something to comfort them when everything else is a wreck. To finish up I imagine that despite the fact that there are a wide range of speculations for whether God exists or not it isn't really conceivable to demonstrate that God exists and that on the off chance that you have faith in God you ought not simply accept that he exists on account of some hypothesis but since you really accept he exists and need to put stock in him. In spite of the fact that it is likely unrealistic to demonstrate whether God exists or not (except if he came sensible and told everybody) the most persuading way is experience a supernatural occurrence. Supernatural occurrences can demonstrate that God exists to a specific sum in light of the fact that most wonders would be very enormous to be only a fortuitous event. Despite the fact that there are numerous anecdotes about marvels in the news and in strict books, for example, the holy book you can't really make certain until you experience one yourself. Marvels may not demonstrate that God as individuals realize him exists (Omnipotent, Omnibonevelant and Omniscient and so on) yet they do demonstrate that there is an all controlling/heavenly being.

Advertisement gone too far Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Commercial gone excessively far - Essay Example Numerous little youngsters are contrarily influenced by the expanded sexualisation and generalization of ladies a factor that makes them attempt to mirror the models that show up in promotions. Numerous organizations have depended on exceptionally sexualised notices to advance their items. For instance, the American Apparel has a long history of sexualizing ladies in their commercials. This paper will do a basic investigation of how ladies have been sexualized and generalized and how the American Apparel famously spoke to sexualized ladies as they advanced their items. The globe has seen a whole century of ladies delineated in the commercial. The principal portrayal of a lady in the ad was in 1912 during the testimonial development. During that time, numerous ladies activists pushed for their privileges to cast a ballot. Advertisers and sponsors looked to utilize the battles to further their potential benefit. In this manner, they delineated ladies in the advancement of the Nebo cigarettes. The notices focused on men who were regularly disturbed or outraged by the â€Å"sass† of a suffragette. A similar commercial was additionally speaking to ladies who needed to enjoy smoking just because. In this way, the commercial bolstered the push for ladies to have equivalent rights. In 1923, Listerine propelled a promotion that included a model named Edna. In its offer to advance the mouthwash, the commercial accentuated that all ladies needed to get hitched. Be that as it may, factors, factors, for example, awful breath kept them from turning into t he lady. In 1925, ladies advanced the fortunate cigarettes. Prominently, smoking was still seen as a propensity for people who smoked were seen contrarily (Yan, Ogle, and Hyllegard 2010, p. 213). In any case, the Lucky Company concentrated on creating cigarettes that explicitly focused on ladies. 1936 denoted the rise of the primary bare lady in a commercial for the Woodbury Soap. The Woodbury advert denoted a fresh start that would see to an ever increasing extent

Neurotherapy Treatment for Addiction

Neurotherapy Treatment for Addiction Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Neurotherapy Treatment for Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 27, 2019 Sciepro/Science Photo Library/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many people facing addiction issues end up relapsing, sometimes several times. In some cases, they can be in and out of rehabilitation programs for years without effectively ending their addiction.   Neurotherapy, also known as neurofeedback, is an approach to therapy that can help successfully end the cycle of addiction.   Why Addictions Are Difficult to Treat Unfortunately, addiction is still associated with some stigmas, with some people thinking addiction is caused by weakness, poor self-control or a lack of discipline. This can cause those struggling with addictions to be filled with guilt, shame, and anxiety, making the path to recovery even more difficult. Addiction is a real physiological condition, which is why it is so hard to treat. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses, 5th edition, the manual used by healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat patients, recognizes addiction as a distinct mental health disorder. Addictive disorders can be severely debilitating, impacting every area of a persons life.   Most treatment models focus on 30-day inpatient stays. However, these programs have a very high relapse rate. More intensive models with a longer duration have higher success rates, but many insurance plans wont cover them. People are left unable to re-acclimate to their normal lives after treatment, increasing the risk of relapse.   What Is Neurotherapy? Unlike other approaches to therapy, neurotherapy treats addiction by focuses on retraining the brain. Many people relapse during times of extreme emotions or stress, so neurotherapy works by teaching techniques that will soothe and calm the brain functions, allowing the person to make rational decisions with a clear mindset.   For some, medication may be used to help reset the brains thinking. This is only a step in recovery and not a long-term solution. Neurotherapy retrains the brain so that even without medication, the person can stay substance-free beyond the 30-day rehabilitation stage.   Neurotherapy is usually included as part of a comprehensive approach to therapy, working alongside other methods like medication, support groups or talk therapy. Studies have shown that when neurotherapy is included in the recovery plan, 85% more of the patients are treated effectively.   How Does It Work? Neurotherapy corrects dysfunctional brain activity that causes irrational behaviors that lead to addiction disorders. Neurotherapy aims to fix the malfunctioning areas linked to arousal, connectivity, and impulse control by replacing these negative behaviors with healthier reactions and habits. This type of therapy requires the patient to be an active participant and helps him or her to be aware of triggers that cause them to engage in addiction. Through neurotherapy, a person gets the necessary tools they need to successfully beat their addiction.   While many people dismiss addictions as a personal weakness, addictive disorders are real and damaging mental illnesses. They require intensive treatment, often involving several different aspects to treat psychological and physiological factors contributing to addiction. Through neurotherapy or neurofeedback, people are given the tools to overcome the malfunctioning of the brain that triggers addictive behaviors. Neurotherapy gives them the chance to beat their addiction, and not relapse, for the long-term.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

What Is Foster Care - Free Essay Example

The Federal Government of the United States and other governments all over the world usually deem it fit to reauthorize elementary education act provisions and secondary education act and factors laws and amendments that facilitate educational stability for children in foster care so that they can go on with their education minus any disruptions (Klein Kraus de Camargo, 2018). Foster care should empower learners to also maintain important relationships with their caregivers and their teachers; this will also accord young learners the chance to realize career and college readiness. This paper will give invaluable insights with respect to the state of foster care today in Americas K-12 educational system.. As at 2018, children in foster care are at a larger risk of poor life outcomes in comparison with children in the general population (Gupton, 2017). The quality of a foster childs secondary and education is a primary determinant in influencing if a learner succeeds or does not succeed in life. If we were to compare foster children in the United States with their peers, it becomes evident that they are faced by more serious challenges which need immediate address. The challenges that define foster education to all parties concerned include higher absenteeism, lower scores on standardized tests, truancy, tardiness, and the rate of dropping out. Other problems that face foster children on a more direct level include recurrent school transfers and instability, the lack of specialized instruction, and persistent low expectations. On a personal level I think that even though the powers that be have the prerogative to transfer children to different schools at will it is not right for learners to have to adapt to different instructors within a short time. Young foster children do not have the luxury of a stable family so making them switch schools too much affects them in a negative way (Westland Totten, 2018). According to the childrens body language, discrimination was quite hurtful and humiliating. Some of the children became sad once they were told that they would be treated differently because of their differences. Stress is a negative element in the human body and it often demotivates us to perform any meaningful activity. Stress is very opposite to happiness; happiness is about feeling good and it makes individuals release their feel good hormones i.e. dopamine. On the other hand stress evokes the release of the stress hormone i.e. cortisol. When an individual undergoes through stress for a long time, it can become chronic and unless he or she takes action, the consequences can be dire. There are a number of things that policy makers can do to make foster children perform just as well as their counterparts. For example, policymakers ought to come up with reforms to grant foster children the choice of enrolling in a private of public school . It is worth mentioning that the choice of going to a private or public school stems from the deliberations between a foster child and a caregiver (Hallett, Westland Mo, 2018). Noteworthy is also the fact that school choices options could see to it that more foster children in the confines of the United States of America realize a high-quality and stable education. Receiving a high quality and stable education gives all children, those in foster care or otherwise, to successfully transition into adulthood. The responsibility of foster care belongs to the federal government and America at large. For that matter, Americans should proverbially go back to the drawing board and find out what programs can be used to ensure the safety and the needs of foster children are met (Hallett Crutchfield, 2017) The mishandling and mismanagement of resources, programs, and logistics that directly affect foster children is a negation to the well acclaimed effectiveness of the K-12 education system.

The Concept Of Quality Of Life - 1442 Words

Model Case A model is â€Å"a real life example of the use of the concept that includes all the critical attributes of the concept† (Walker Avant, 2011 p.163). The model case for the purposes of this paper is for the concept of quality of life. Sean is a 49 year old, widowed father of two adult daughters, whom he clearly loves and through objective data is supported by family, friends and church family. His oldest daughter is expecting her first child which will be a boy in just a few short months and he is exuberant with job as he patients awaits the arrival of his first grandson. He is currently working, saved his money for a car and his own apartment and is excited and financially secure. Sean has reflected many times to his healthcare worker that he feels a sense of happiness and satisfaction with his life. He continues to work, fulfill his sense of achievement and self-worth in school and while his life, meanwhile doing dialysis three times a week for four hours each trea tment. He has had a few minor set backs over the past year but maintains that spiritual happiness as well. He has verbalized that he is satisfied with his health as it is stable, family, friends, financial security, spiritually, and satisfied with his achievements, feels loved and supported and states that he feels a sense of well-being. He even picks up the spirits of his healthcare workers with his positive attitudes on life. This case represents all the core attributes of quality of lifeShow MoreRelatedConcept Analysis : Quality Of Life Essay2504 Words   |  11 PagesConcepts are terms that talk about phenomena that occurs either in nature or in thoughts. Concept has been described as an abstract term originated from specific attributes and â€Å"a symbolic statement describing a phenomenon or a class of phenomena† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 50). Concept analysis expands the knowledge needed in our careers and enriches and widens the continuously changing knowledge in nursing. 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Starting just about at the start of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, the subject of Quality is introducedRead MoreQuality Of Life As A Good Life1146 Words   |  5 PagesQuality of life (QOL) means a good life and we believe that a good life is the same as living a life with a high quality. This may seem evident, but it is necessary to make such a simple clarification, because medical jargon often uses very narrow concepts of the quality of life (for example, side effect profiles). Medical advertisements often depict the quality of life as one factor among many, on a par with other improvements that a certain medical product promises. In this work, the quality ofRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1615 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was established to close student achievement gaps in academics by providing all children with equal or significant opportunities to obtain a high qualit y of education (Education, 2008). 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The intent of this paper is to clarify the process in a concept analysis, based on Walker and Avant’s method, that explores the differentRead MoreThe Dissection Of A Poorly Defined Concept1648 Words   |  7 Pagesa poorly defined concept often results in subsequent reflection and action toward comprehension (Bousso, Poles, De Almeida Lopes Monteiro Da Cruz, 2014). Greater nursing knowledge is gained through the clarification of ambiguous concepts by exhaustive examination of particularly clinically relevant phenomenon. This knowledge can then be later extrapolated to develop new theories or simply be reformulated to ref ine concepts (Bousso et al., 2014). In analyzing quality of life (QOL), this writing

Family Systems Theory And Function Within The Family...

Family is a very complex term that can be defined in many ways. A family can be simply defined as a group of people who are related to each other and live together in the same household. According to the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (2004, p. 5), a family is defined as two or more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals, and have a commitment to one another over time. The two definitions that were presented clarified the vast complexities of its meaning. The term family can be defined in many ways; however, they all share the same concept and theories of structure and function within the family system. Families in reality, similar to its complex meaning, differ in various ways as well. The elements that cause families to differ from another could be due to culture, parent’s marital status, religion, and social class. Families may differ; however, they share many common elements within the Family Systems Th eory and the Family Circumplex Model. All families share common elements such as, family roles, alliances, conflicts, systems and interaction patterns, strengths, cohesion, flexibility and challenges. Families all over the world, especially in the United States, have clearly evolved. Trends of traditional marriages and families have decreased over time. Researches, from Indiana State University, confirmed that â€Å"people are moving away from a traditional definition of family towards a modern definitionShow MoreRelatedMurray Bowen Family Systems Theory1541 Words   |  7 PagesMurray Bowen’s Family Systems Theory plays a key role in the field of child life. Bowen viewed families as an emotional system, where each member is intensely connected to the other members. In order to analyses families and human behavior, Bowen used a set of concepts. 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The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter Free Essays

The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals who Stutter: Literature The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals who Stutter Introduction Research concerning acoustics in children who stutter, who have recovered from stuttering and adult stutterers shows that there is a lack of coherency in the data collected and reforms need to be made to the methods involved. The research that has been conducted on stuttering pertains mostly to the condition in children; stuttering is most prevalent in younger children and in most cases will be corrected by the later years of youth. Researchers working within the field are confronted by many problematic factors when both conducting their research and specifically in analysing data. We will write a custom essay sample on The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diverse methods of data compilation and independent methods of interpretation mean that what one scientists concludes from an experiment may not support established theories and existing information on the subject. It can be assumed that analysis of acoustics in stuttering needs to be done with a specific framework that all researchers can work from. Issues like the diagnosis of stuttering complexes from mild, moderate and severe; the focus on frequency changes; and subtyping have all been encountered and brought up for review by researchers who wish to have a more fully rounded database from which to study stuttering in all its forms. A review of literature on the subject exposes many difficulties within the field of research and offers suggestions on how these might be addressed and overcome. Once a basic premise for observation, study and analysis is reached, the database will be much more comprehensive and useful to future research. Literature Review Acoustic analysis is the foundation to stuttering research conducted by many different scientists and scholars; the ways in which this research is conducted vary, however, and therefore can produce subsequently varied results and different ways of looking at stuttering itself. Some researchers are of the opinion that stuttering is heavily influenced by the actual perception of listeners, and that though analysis of reaction and perception of acoustics in stutterers it is possible to more fully comprehend those characteristics of speech that are a part of the disorder (Amir, Yairi). Through analysis of speech patterns in preschool aged children, the researchers concluded that interval duration in speech patterns must exceed 70 ms to be considered normal speech; under 50 ms interval duration was therefore attributed to stutterers. Some researchers have taken acoustic analysis to a new level with the use of the computer as a more failsafe analytical tool; due to a lack of specific acoustic parameters by which to classify stuttering the computer offers a more solid foundation for diagnosis and treatment (Brosch, Hage, Johannsen). Research conducted by these authors was inconclusive because of a lack of cohesive data on the subject, however it is their belief that with further study one might better understand the correlations between specific acoustics and the different stages of stuttering. The primary factor thought to be attributed to stuttering in different stages is age. Chang, Ohde and Conture believe that it is a disorganization of specific factors of speech, in particular the transition rate of speech formation, that can be cited as a precursor to stuttering. This research is key to the development of tuttering studies because currently there are very little data or theoretical models to explain the conditions that lead to stuttering in children. Through acoustic analysis not only of children and adults who currently stutter, but the acoustic analysis of children who will later develop a stutter, these researchers believe that more will be understood about the progression of the disorder and subsequen tly the treatment methods themselves. Given the generalities of much stuttering data, it has been concluded that subtyping of the disorder would help greatly with further research and the uture specialization of treatments and diagnoses (Yairi). In this case, the acoustic analysis carried out by researchers would be made very specific and varied: attention would be paid to transition rates, vowel duration, particularities of speech disfluency and other inconsistencies attributed to stuttering. Yairi’s research has yet to lead to subtypes of the disorder, however the belief remains that through more acoustic analysis, enough data will be gathered to start separating the disorder into more than one general field. Frequency changes and second formant transitions in reschool children who stutter persistently and who have recovered from the condition show general differences in speech patterns between the two groups. Most poignant was the fact that the research showed frequency ch anges in persistent stutterers were discreet while the recovery group showed marked frequency changes (Subramanian, Yairi, Amir). Research such as this helps to support Yairi’s theory that subtyping may be useful in the field. Along these lines, Armson and Kalinowski pointed out the difficulties in performing acoustic analysis on stutterers when the condition itself may be changing the data. These researchers feel that to properly assess acoustic data they must learn how to separate those factors out which cause stuttering, and which are inherent in individuals only after one has begun to stutter. The acoustics of one individual in a pre-stuttering state might show related frequencies and vowel duration, as well as the same speech rate and consonant-vowel repetitions to that of a stutterer; the researchers maintain, however, that the cognitive functions of one who stutters might be significantly different that that of an individual who does not stutter but will later develop the disorder. Cognitive and acoustic factors of stuttering are currently inextricable from those of the prestutterer, and until these can be separated the data gathered on the subject will remain generalized and of less value than it might be. As well as this, information on acoustics must be analyzed both during the stutter and during normal speech in the same individual. Paden, Abrose and Yairi studied the phonological acoustics of stutterers and non-stutterers to ascertain whether there were any significant differences between the two groups. Through the observation of children over a two-year span, attention was paid to not only current differences in the phonological skills of the children but the changes in those skill levels over time. They found that the phonological skill level of children who had recovered from stuttering were markedly higher than that of children who currently stutter; over the course of two years, however, the skill levels were developed and no significant difference could be shown. Flipsen Jr. , Hammer and Yost point out that perhaps the major flaw in the field is the fact that Clinicians are esponsible for identifying stuttering cases and labelling them either mild, moderate or severe. This means that Clinicians must rely on their own individual acoustic analysis to interpret the severity of stuttering case by case, and in doing so are likely to be inconsistent. Personal analysis of the acoustics of several different individuals who stutter means that although analysis is based on regimented di sfluency factors, such as vowel duration and frequency, relying solely on acoustic interpretation though listening cannot be scientifically sound. The researchers propose that a better method must be contrived in a study that supports Brosch, Hage and Johanssen’s computer analysis theory. In keeping with the idea that research on stuttering must be more specialized, Louis, Myers, Faragasso, Townsend and Gallagher have studied a particular disorder that is often attributed to stutterers but which they insist is a different disorder. Cluttering is an irregularity that has to do with the rate of speech: people with this condition will either speak more rapidly than normal or they will have inconsistencies in the rate of speech. While many researchers will have cluttering placed in the same field as stuttering, Louis (et al) believes that it is generalizations like this that cripple the scientific community. Acoustic analysis of cluttered speakers shows clearly that the condition is not the same as stuttering: while stuttering has a more clustered effect on the phonemes of speech, cluttering is less specific to certain vowel and consonant groups. Gohinho, Ingham, Davidow and Cotton have discovered that in treatment of stuttering, the reduction of short-deviation phonetic intervals has a direct affect on the condition. Acoustic analysis of normal stuttering and manipulated speech in normal stutterers suggested that phonetic interval distribution in the two speech groups were generally different; this theory was inconclusive. In terms of treatment, however, it has been useful and is thought to offer new possibilities in treatment procedures. Ingham, Fox, Ingham, Xiong, Zamarripa, Hardies and Lancaster conducted their own research based on gender differences between stutterers. Data were collected in terms both of acoustics and of cerebral blood flow in adults. While females are more likely to recover from stuttering in childhood and males are generally more susceptible to the condition, this research found that the stages of recovery were not significantly different between the gender groups. The researchers concluded that chronic stuttering was related to abnormal speech-motor and auditory region interactions. Healey and Ramig conducted research into stuttering that was specific to treatment, specifically treatment length and its effect on differing severities of the condition. Acoustic analysis of patients undergoing treatment showed that the severity of each case made no significant difference to recovery and the transition from one level to another; similarly treatment time made no difference in the progression and recovery of stutterers. Max and Caruso also explored treatment options, finding that fluency adaptation through the process of repeating specific readings was improved over other methods of treatment. With specific phonological aspects in the readings, designed to ontain certain phrases and vowel-consonant groups that give stutterers trouble normally, these were given to treatment patients to repeat until any changes were observed in speech patterns. Repetition treatments have traditionally very popular and due to their superiority over many other methods these treatments continue to dominate in the field. Specific study of the different aspects of language and acoustics means that a scenario for stuttering can be pieced together slowly and fo rmed of many different speech parts as well as cerebral and other physical data (Natke, Grosser, Sandrieser, Kalveram). Research into the effect of stressed syllables within speech and stuttering was conducted with reference to the length of such syllables. Natke and his colleagues hypothesized that stressed syllables were responsible for stuttering in many individuals, and studies proved that these were indeed catalysts for stuttering in most cases. Whether or not duration of stressed syllables has anything to do with disfluency is not yet apparent. Currently, Yaruss believes, no correlation can be drawn between utterance rates and response time latency. His own research explored these and consequently still was not supportive of the theory that conversational speaking rates were actually related to response time latency. He does believe that if more research were conducted into this area, a correlation would indeed be found; inadequate methods of acoustic analysis are cited as the reason why hypotheses such as these remain unproven. In Yairi’s response to the criticisms of Wingate on his theories of diversity in the field of acoustic study, he asserts that there are many different ways to study stuttering and that these varying methods should be valued. Wingate proposes, like many scholars, that there should only be one method of study so that subsequent data compilations are relevant to one another and more easily formed into future subdivisions of the disorder. While Yairi does not dispute the value of specialization within the field for the sake of greater knowledge and better treatment plans, he does maintain that a fundamental diversity among researchers is a positive attribute. In terms of acoustic analysis, this means that the lack of cohesion between existing research would persist. Evaluation of Published Research and Conclusions Overwhelmingly, researchers in the specific linguistic field that study stuttering and its related conditions are asking for continuity in research methods and data organization. While independent researchers and study groups might be able to find their own way of cultivating date, studying acoustics of stutterers, non-stutterers and recovering stutterers and interpreting this data, it is essentially of no use to the rest of the field unless aspects of the study can be repeated. Researchers like Brosche, Hage and Johanssen are particularly forward thinking in their approach to acoustic analysis, because unlike so many of their colleagues they are not continuing to rely on what they believe to be inferior techniques. The use of computer analysis in terms of stuttering acoustics not only means that a discrepancy between professionals can be ruled out in the future but that further information can be gathered concerning speech patterns that are undistinguishable to the unaided ear. Yairi is also correct when he says that there is more than one way to study stuttering. If all researchers relied on exactly the same techniques then no breakthroughs could be expected in the field; despite this fact most acoustic analysts who wish to better understand stuttering simply want a basic framework upon which to base their own studies and interpret the results of others. If a certain degree of flexibility could be maintained in acoustic analysis while certain fundamental factors were incorporated, researchers would be in a better position to interpret and present their own results in relation to the work of colleagues. Factors that might feature in each research project might nclude vowel duration, second formant transition, conversational speed and other specific disfluency forms. By using these factors in all research related to stuttering, whether the study is based on such factors or not, will mean that although two research projects might be based on completely different theories the results can still be comparatively put together. If one research projec t focuses on brain activity and blood flow during stuttered speech, and another focuses on frequency, results may still have relevance to one another because of the use of basic acoustic analysis. Coherency is needed in this field of research so that results and future treatments are made clearer. Implementing basic acoustic analyses in every research project will help to form a stuttering database that can be referenced by every researcher. Reference List Amir, O. , Yairi, E. (2002). The effect of temporal manipulation on the perception of disfluencies as normal or stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, vol. 35, 63-82. Armson, J. , Kalinowski, J. (1994). Interpreting results of the fluency speech paradigm in stuttering research: Difficulties in separating cause from effect. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 37, 69-82. Brosch, S. , Hage, A. , Johanseen, H. (2002). Prognostic indicators for stuttering: the value of computer-based speech analysis. Brain and Language, vol. 82, 75-86. Chang, S. , Ohde, R. , Conture, E. , (2002). Coarticulation and Formant Transition Rate in Children who Stutter. Vanderbilt University. Flipsen Jr. , P. , Hammer, J. , Yost, K. (2005). Measuring Severity of Involvement in Speech Delay: Segmental and Whole Word Measures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, vol. 14, 298-312. Godinho, T. , Ingham, R. , Davidow, J. , Cotton, J. (2006). The Distribution of Phonated Intervals in Individuals who Stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vol. 49, 161- 171. Healey, E. , Ramig, P. (1989). The Relationship of Stuttering Severity and Treatment Length to Temporal Measures of Stutterers’ Perceptually Fluent Speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, vol. 54, 313-319. Ingham, R. , Fox, P. , Ingham, J. , Xiong, J. , Zamarippa, F. , Hardies, L. , Lancaster, J. (2004). Brain Correlates of Stuttering and Syllable Production: Gender Comparisons and Replication. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vol. 47, 321- 341. Louis, K. Myers, F. , Faragosso, K. , Townsend, P. , Gallaher, A. (2004). Perceptual Aspects of Cluttered Speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 29, 213-235. Max, L. , Caruso, A. , (1998). Adaptation of Stuttering Frequency During Repeated Readings: Associated Changes in Acoustic Parameters of Perceptually Fluent Speech. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vo l. 41, 1265-1281. Natke, U. , Grosser, J. , Sandrieser, P. , Kalveram, K. (2002). The Duration Effect of the Stress Component in Stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 27, 305-318. TermPaper? Blog. com Paden, E. Ambrose, N. , Yairi, E. (2001). Phonological progress during the first 2 years of stuttering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Subramanian, A. , Yairi, E. , Amir, O. (2003). Second formant transitions in fluent speech of persistent and recovered preschool children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, vol. 36, 59-75. Yairi, E. (2001). Letters to the Editor. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vol. 44, 585-597. Yairi, E. (2007). Subtyping Stuttering I: A Review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 32, 165-196. Yaruss, J. (1997). Utterance Timing and Childhood Stuttering. Elsevier Science. How to cite The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter, Papers

The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter Free Essays

The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals who Stutter: Literature The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals who Stutter Introduction Research concerning acoustics in children who stutter, who have recovered from stuttering and adult stutterers shows that there is a lack of coherency in the data collected and reforms need to be made to the methods involved. The research that has been conducted on stuttering pertains mostly to the condition in children; stuttering is most prevalent in younger children and in most cases will be corrected by the later years of youth. Researchers working within the field are confronted by many problematic factors when both conducting their research and specifically in analysing data. We will write a custom essay sample on The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diverse methods of data compilation and independent methods of interpretation mean that what one scientists concludes from an experiment may not support established theories and existing information on the subject. It can be assumed that analysis of acoustics in stuttering needs to be done with a specific framework that all researchers can work from. Issues like the diagnosis of stuttering complexes from mild, moderate and severe; the focus on frequency changes; and subtyping have all been encountered and brought up for review by researchers who wish to have a more fully rounded database from which to study stuttering in all its forms. A review of literature on the subject exposes many difficulties within the field of research and offers suggestions on how these might be addressed and overcome. Once a basic premise for observation, study and analysis is reached, the database will be much more comprehensive and useful to future research. Literature Review Acoustic analysis is the foundation to stuttering research conducted by many different scientists and scholars; the ways in which this research is conducted vary, however, and therefore can produce subsequently varied results and different ways of looking at stuttering itself. Some researchers are of the opinion that stuttering is heavily influenced by the actual perception of listeners, and that though analysis of reaction and perception of acoustics in stutterers it is possible to more fully comprehend those characteristics of speech that are a part of the disorder (Amir, Yairi). Through analysis of speech patterns in preschool aged children, the researchers concluded that interval duration in speech patterns must exceed 70 ms to be considered normal speech; under 50 ms interval duration was therefore attributed to stutterers. Some researchers have taken acoustic analysis to a new level with the use of the computer as a more failsafe analytical tool; due to a lack of specific acoustic parameters by which to classify stuttering the computer offers a more solid foundation for diagnosis and treatment (Brosch, Hage, Johannsen). Research conducted by these authors was inconclusive because of a lack of cohesive data on the subject, however it is their belief that with further study one might better understand the correlations between specific acoustics and the different stages of stuttering. The primary factor thought to be attributed to stuttering in different stages is age. Chang, Ohde and Conture believe that it is a disorganization of specific factors of speech, in particular the transition rate of speech formation, that can be cited as a precursor to stuttering. This research is key to the development of tuttering studies because currently there are very little data or theoretical models to explain the conditions that lead to stuttering in children. Through acoustic analysis not only of children and adults who currently stutter, but the acoustic analysis of children who will later develop a stutter, these researchers believe that more will be understood about the progression of the disorder and subsequen tly the treatment methods themselves. Given the generalities of much stuttering data, it has been concluded that subtyping of the disorder would help greatly with further research and the uture specialization of treatments and diagnoses (Yairi). In this case, the acoustic analysis carried out by researchers would be made very specific and varied: attention would be paid to transition rates, vowel duration, particularities of speech disfluency and other inconsistencies attributed to stuttering. Yairi’s research has yet to lead to subtypes of the disorder, however the belief remains that through more acoustic analysis, enough data will be gathered to start separating the disorder into more than one general field. Frequency changes and second formant transitions in reschool children who stutter persistently and who have recovered from the condition show general differences in speech patterns between the two groups. Most poignant was the fact that the research showed frequency ch anges in persistent stutterers were discreet while the recovery group showed marked frequency changes (Subramanian, Yairi, Amir). Research such as this helps to support Yairi’s theory that subtyping may be useful in the field. Along these lines, Armson and Kalinowski pointed out the difficulties in performing acoustic analysis on stutterers when the condition itself may be changing the data. These researchers feel that to properly assess acoustic data they must learn how to separate those factors out which cause stuttering, and which are inherent in individuals only after one has begun to stutter. The acoustics of one individual in a pre-stuttering state might show related frequencies and vowel duration, as well as the same speech rate and consonant-vowel repetitions to that of a stutterer; the researchers maintain, however, that the cognitive functions of one who stutters might be significantly different that that of an individual who does not stutter but will later develop the disorder. Cognitive and acoustic factors of stuttering are currently inextricable from those of the prestutterer, and until these can be separated the data gathered on the subject will remain generalized and of less value than it might be. As well as this, information on acoustics must be analyzed both during the stutter and during normal speech in the same individual. Paden, Abrose and Yairi studied the phonological acoustics of stutterers and non-stutterers to ascertain whether there were any significant differences between the two groups. Through the observation of children over a two-year span, attention was paid to not only current differences in the phonological skills of the children but the changes in those skill levels over time. They found that the phonological skill level of children who had recovered from stuttering were markedly higher than that of children who currently stutter; over the course of two years, however, the skill levels were developed and no significant difference could be shown. Flipsen Jr. , Hammer and Yost point out that perhaps the major flaw in the field is the fact that Clinicians are esponsible for identifying stuttering cases and labelling them either mild, moderate or severe. This means that Clinicians must rely on their own individual acoustic analysis to interpret the severity of stuttering case by case, and in doing so are likely to be inconsistent. Personal analysis of the acoustics of several different individuals who stutter means that although analysis is based on regimented di sfluency factors, such as vowel duration and frequency, relying solely on acoustic interpretation though listening cannot be scientifically sound. The researchers propose that a better method must be contrived in a study that supports Brosch, Hage and Johanssen’s computer analysis theory. In keeping with the idea that research on stuttering must be more specialized, Louis, Myers, Faragasso, Townsend and Gallagher have studied a particular disorder that is often attributed to stutterers but which they insist is a different disorder. Cluttering is an irregularity that has to do with the rate of speech: people with this condition will either speak more rapidly than normal or they will have inconsistencies in the rate of speech. While many researchers will have cluttering placed in the same field as stuttering, Louis (et al) believes that it is generalizations like this that cripple the scientific community. Acoustic analysis of cluttered speakers shows clearly that the condition is not the same as stuttering: while stuttering has a more clustered effect on the phonemes of speech, cluttering is less specific to certain vowel and consonant groups. Gohinho, Ingham, Davidow and Cotton have discovered that in treatment of stuttering, the reduction of short-deviation phonetic intervals has a direct affect on the condition. Acoustic analysis of normal stuttering and manipulated speech in normal stutterers suggested that phonetic interval distribution in the two speech groups were generally different; this theory was inconclusive. In terms of treatment, however, it has been useful and is thought to offer new possibilities in treatment procedures. Ingham, Fox, Ingham, Xiong, Zamarripa, Hardies and Lancaster conducted their own research based on gender differences between stutterers. Data were collected in terms both of acoustics and of cerebral blood flow in adults. While females are more likely to recover from stuttering in childhood and males are generally more susceptible to the condition, this research found that the stages of recovery were not significantly different between the gender groups. The researchers concluded that chronic stuttering was related to abnormal speech-motor and auditory region interactions. Healey and Ramig conducted research into stuttering that was specific to treatment, specifically treatment length and its effect on differing severities of the condition. Acoustic analysis of patients undergoing treatment showed that the severity of each case made no significant difference to recovery and the transition from one level to another; similarly treatment time made no difference in the progression and recovery of stutterers. Max and Caruso also explored treatment options, finding that fluency adaptation through the process of repeating specific readings was improved over other methods of treatment. With specific phonological aspects in the readings, designed to ontain certain phrases and vowel-consonant groups that give stutterers trouble normally, these were given to treatment patients to repeat until any changes were observed in speech patterns. Repetition treatments have traditionally very popular and due to their superiority over many other methods these treatments continue to dominate in the field. Specific study of the different aspects of language and acoustics means that a scenario for stuttering can be pieced together slowly and fo rmed of many different speech parts as well as cerebral and other physical data (Natke, Grosser, Sandrieser, Kalveram). Research into the effect of stressed syllables within speech and stuttering was conducted with reference to the length of such syllables. Natke and his colleagues hypothesized that stressed syllables were responsible for stuttering in many individuals, and studies proved that these were indeed catalysts for stuttering in most cases. Whether or not duration of stressed syllables has anything to do with disfluency is not yet apparent. Currently, Yaruss believes, no correlation can be drawn between utterance rates and response time latency. His own research explored these and consequently still was not supportive of the theory that conversational speaking rates were actually related to response time latency. He does believe that if more research were conducted into this area, a correlation would indeed be found; inadequate methods of acoustic analysis are cited as the reason why hypotheses such as these remain unproven. In Yairi’s response to the criticisms of Wingate on his theories of diversity in the field of acoustic study, he asserts that there are many different ways to study stuttering and that these varying methods should be valued. Wingate proposes, like many scholars, that there should only be one method of study so that subsequent data compilations are relevant to one another and more easily formed into future subdivisions of the disorder. While Yairi does not dispute the value of specialization within the field for the sake of greater knowledge and better treatment plans, he does maintain that a fundamental diversity among researchers is a positive attribute. In terms of acoustic analysis, this means that the lack of cohesion between existing research would persist. Evaluation of Published Research and Conclusions Overwhelmingly, researchers in the specific linguistic field that study stuttering and its related conditions are asking for continuity in research methods and data organization. While independent researchers and study groups might be able to find their own way of cultivating date, studying acoustics of stutterers, non-stutterers and recovering stutterers and interpreting this data, it is essentially of no use to the rest of the field unless aspects of the study can be repeated. Researchers like Brosche, Hage and Johanssen are particularly forward thinking in their approach to acoustic analysis, because unlike so many of their colleagues they are not continuing to rely on what they believe to be inferior techniques. The use of computer analysis in terms of stuttering acoustics not only means that a discrepancy between professionals can be ruled out in the future but that further information can be gathered concerning speech patterns that are undistinguishable to the unaided ear. Yairi is also correct when he says that there is more than one way to study stuttering. If all researchers relied on exactly the same techniques then no breakthroughs could be expected in the field; despite this fact most acoustic analysts who wish to better understand stuttering simply want a basic framework upon which to base their own studies and interpret the results of others. If a certain degree of flexibility could be maintained in acoustic analysis while certain fundamental factors were incorporated, researchers would be in a better position to interpret and present their own results in relation to the work of colleagues. Factors that might feature in each research project might nclude vowel duration, second formant transition, conversational speed and other specific disfluency forms. By using these factors in all research related to stuttering, whether the study is based on such factors or not, will mean that although two research projects might be based on completely different theories the results can still be comparatively put together. If one research projec t focuses on brain activity and blood flow during stuttered speech, and another focuses on frequency, results may still have relevance to one another because of the use of basic acoustic analysis. Coherency is needed in this field of research so that results and future treatments are made clearer. Implementing basic acoustic analyses in every research project will help to form a stuttering database that can be referenced by every researcher. Reference List Amir, O. , Yairi, E. (2002). The effect of temporal manipulation on the perception of disfluencies as normal or stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, vol. 35, 63-82. Armson, J. , Kalinowski, J. (1994). Interpreting results of the fluency speech paradigm in stuttering research: Difficulties in separating cause from effect. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 37, 69-82. Brosch, S. , Hage, A. , Johanseen, H. (2002). Prognostic indicators for stuttering: the value of computer-based speech analysis. Brain and Language, vol. 82, 75-86. Chang, S. , Ohde, R. , Conture, E. , (2002). Coarticulation and Formant Transition Rate in Children who Stutter. Vanderbilt University. Flipsen Jr. , P. , Hammer, J. , Yost, K. (2005). Measuring Severity of Involvement in Speech Delay: Segmental and Whole Word Measures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, vol. 14, 298-312. Godinho, T. , Ingham, R. , Davidow, J. , Cotton, J. (2006). The Distribution of Phonated Intervals in Individuals who Stutter. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vol. 49, 161- 171. Healey, E. , Ramig, P. (1989). The Relationship of Stuttering Severity and Treatment Length to Temporal Measures of Stutterers’ Perceptually Fluent Speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, vol. 54, 313-319. Ingham, R. , Fox, P. , Ingham, J. , Xiong, J. , Zamarippa, F. , Hardies, L. , Lancaster, J. (2004). Brain Correlates of Stuttering and Syllable Production: Gender Comparisons and Replication. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vol. 47, 321- 341. Louis, K. Myers, F. , Faragosso, K. , Townsend, P. , Gallaher, A. (2004). Perceptual Aspects of Cluttered Speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 29, 213-235. Max, L. , Caruso, A. , (1998). Adaptation of Stuttering Frequency During Repeated Readings: Associated Changes in Acoustic Parameters of Perceptually Fluent Speech. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vo l. 41, 1265-1281. Natke, U. , Grosser, J. , Sandrieser, P. , Kalveram, K. (2002). The Duration Effect of the Stress Component in Stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 27, 305-318. TermPaper? Blog. com Paden, E. Ambrose, N. , Yairi, E. (2001). Phonological progress during the first 2 years of stuttering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Subramanian, A. , Yairi, E. , Amir, O. (2003). Second formant transitions in fluent speech of persistent and recovered preschool children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, vol. 36, 59-75. Yairi, E. (2001). Letters to the Editor. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, vol. 44, 585-597. Yairi, E. (2007). Subtyping Stuttering I: A Review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 32, 165-196. Yaruss, J. (1997). Utterance Timing and Childhood Stuttering. Elsevier Science. How to cite The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter, Papers

Risk Management Plan

Question: Discuss the risk management plan. Answer: Summary As per the conduct of the Audit various deficiencies is witnessed in Blue Horizon services. The bank account of the company is not yet opened even after four weeks even considering that the bank is very near. Since, the bank is not near it is creating problem. The delay in installation of teleconferencing system has led to potential issue. The training of the managers has been left to alteration creating time problem. The training on banking shows that it is done however, the audit of the bank deposit book signifies that no banking entry. The training on water saving process has been done on a verbal note hence, could not be result oriented. The original members need to wear the Blue Horizon uniform and guide the new employees. However, they fail to provide a proper explanation to the new employees regarding the importance and compliance of wearing the uniform. Implementation Risks are many since it is the beginning for Blue Horizon services. Therefore, the risks can be reduced by different mechanism. Firstly, the conduct of audit in a weeks time is essential to ensure compliance. This will help to chalk out the difference. Secondly, proper training must be given to the new employees about the organizational value and the importance of uniform. It should not be left to the old employees. Thirdly, bank account must be opened at a place where there is no hassle and helps the business. Outcome and evaluation Risk management plan is the need of the hour as it helps in mitigating risk. In the above mentioned plans implementation the process of audit will lead to significant result as deficiencies will be easily traced. Secondly, training of the employees will ensure that the compliance is done and the risk factor will be less because trained employees has less exposure to risk. References Baldwin, S 2010, Doing a content audit or inventory, Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne.

Students Need To Be Able To Learn How To Become Effective Problem Solv

Students need to be able to learn how to become effective problem solvers. They should be able to identify problems, evaluate those problems and then decipher a way to transfer their learning to those problems in a way that will bring about a solution. If a student is able to perform in a problem solving situation a meaningful learning should then occur because he has constructed an interpretation of how things work using preexisting structured. This is the theory behind Constructivism. By creating a personal interpretation of external ideas and experiances, constructivism allows students the ability to understand how ideas can relate to each other and preexisting knowledge. A teacher must then recognize the importance of the cognative and social approaches for learning and teaching so that she may aid the students' development in constructivist learning. Both approaches are valuable because one will emphasize the role of cognative processes and the other will emphasize culture and social interaction in the role of meaningful learning. One, however, may wonder how to go about enforcing these approaches. One method is through scaffolding, providing a student with sufficient information to be able to complete a task on his own or, to present a gradual decrease in the amount of help availible allowing the student the capacity to work independantly. Situated learning will present the student with a set of learning tasks placed in realistic contexts. This will include the abilities to use knowledge in a functioning learning approach and acquiring inert knowledge based on the learning of isolated facts in limited conditions. Lastly, students should, through the use of multiple perspectives, be able to view problems and ideas. These ideas presented will then be able to shed light on the nature of problem solving. There are three most common types of problems, the first being well-structured problems. Well-structured problems are ones clearly stated with known solution procedures and evaluation standards; an example being a mathamatical process. Another type of problem are those that are ill-structured; they are stated vaguely, have unclear solution procedures, and vague standards of evalalution. The third type, issue problems, are ill-structured problems that will arrouse srtong feelings in the students. The first step in helping students become adaquate problems solvers is assuring they realize that a problem does exist. Once a problem is identifiedm students should be expected to understand the nature of the problem. The next logical step would then be for those students to compile all relevant information to their problem allowing them to formulate and carry out a solution. Lastly, the students would th en be required to evaluate their solutions working out the imperfections, clarifying the results. Problem solving is a very necessary abilty for a student which will, in a way, garuntee his future abilty to transfer knowledge. The student needs a firm base understanding of the problem solving concepts to induce a positive transfer of his later ideas. He should be able to recognize the need for different problem solving techniques and how to relate and separate theories in his knowledge. The teacher should be able to present the starting grounds to enable her students a method of producing the solutions to their problems. Bibliography Snowman, J., & Biehler, R. (2000). Psychology Applied to Teaching (9th edition) Boston, MA: Houghton Miflin Company.

Discursive about keeping animals in zoos and parks essays

Discursive about keeping animals in zoos and parks essays Is it right or wrong? Is it Humane and safe or cruel and devastating to keep animals in zoos and safari parks? In this essay I will discuss these points and give my own opinion. Foremost we shall look at points against animals being in zoos and safari parks. Many animals are taken from their natural environments, and placed into cages so people can stare at them all day. In addition to this many animals may be come ill with zoochosis were the animal will sit and rock backwards and forwards all day. Another argument against animals being kept in zoos and safari parks is that if the animal is taken out of its natural habitat for too long and then put back not only will it have lost many of its natural skills, but it will usually be killed by other animals as well. Essentially zoos remain collections of animals, denied their freedom simply to provide the public a "good" day out. Another point to make is that Stereotypic behavior is an indication of chronic suffering caused by frustration, boredom, depression and anxiety. In the wild, animals react to their surroundings. They spend their time avoiding enemies, seeking food and interacting with their own spec ies, mating, socializing. Animals do not find this stressful; they are designed to cope with the wild. On the contrary, it is the controlled, limited captive environment that is stressful. Behavioral abnormalities occur because of these restrictions. Also, animals within close proximity to the public may become anxious, frustrated, bored, scared, and alone. But there is another side to the argument and that is for animals being kept in zoos and safari parks. You can argue that zoos are good in the way that it helps to save endangered species with breeding programs. Zoos and safari parks are educational to everyone. The animals are ambassadors of the wildlife showing people how great they are which may begin to save animals by people not buying anything that has be...

This Holiday Season, Thank a Trucker!ÂÂ

This Holiday Season, Thank a Trucker!   As you sit down to enjoy some much-deserved time off this holiday season, remember there are a few industries, like trucking, that never take a break. While you’re with your family and friends, there’s a whole fleet of long-haul drivers who won’t get the chance to be home for the holidays. Here are three things not to forget:Santa Didn’t Deliver Your Gifts- a Trucker DidIt’s easy to forget where our goods come from and how they get to us. But almost anything you’ve ever bought- food, clothes, toys, electronics- were probably trucked in to your local stores. We’d have very little if it weren’t for truckers.Truckers Can Be Highway AngelsTruckers know how to survive on the road, and they are often seen helping others reach their destinations safely. Whether that means helping to change a tire or pulling off a roadside rescue, truckers frequently put others’ safety first.Truckers  Make Our Lives EasierWe wouldn’t sur vive a minute driving long-hauls, showering in rest stops, and spending so little time at home with our families. It’s not a job for everyone. And while some do truly enjoy being on the road, it’s still a sacrifice they make to keep our economy flowing.This holiday season, be sure to raise a glass to all the men and women who spend their time driving our groceries and gifts around.3 Reasons to Thank a Trucker